Critically assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of the...

The man credited with the birth of the classical school was Cesaer Beccaria (1738-1794), who emerged during the enlightenment period of the eighteenth century. Some argue that criminology as an independent discipline only emerged about 60 – 70 years ago (Garland 2002), and whilst not concerned with studying criminals per se in the same way that we most associate with criminology today, the classical school was hugely influential in the formation of Criminal Justice System as we know it today. Farner (cited in Taylor et al 1973) a nineteenth century commentator on Beccaria asserts : â€Å"Whatever improvement our penal laws have undergone in the last hundred years is due primarily to Beccaria, and, to an extent that has not always been†¦show more content†¦The courts were made up of the rich and punishments were â€Å"ad-hoc† both as to how severe a punishment may be and also in terms of whether a punishment would in fact take place at all. The degree of any punishment would be largely dependent upon the personal views of the judge, jury’s would often include the victim of the alleged offence, and there were no sentences set in law. Defendants were generally of the lower classes and as such not treated equally. Punishment should not be dependent upon social status, and Beccaria argued â€Å" it is the judges duty to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused based on fact, not on social status, if found guilty, then the judge should impose the penalty prescribed by law† (Beccaria cited in Curran et al 1994 11) Beccaria questioned whether the extreme and tortuous punishments (which often included the death penalty) routinely dished out even had any effect in terms of deterring crime. In his most important works Dei delitti e delle pene, or â€Å"On Crimes and Punishments† Beccaria asked: â€Å"But what are to be the proper punishments for such crimes? Is the death penalty really useful and necessary for the security and good order of society? Are torture and torments just and do they attain the end for which laws are instituted? What is the best way to prevent crimes? Are the same

An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of...

In 1776, Adam Smith, also known as the founding father of economic liberalism, changed the world with a historical document titled An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This book was intended to be an attack upon the economic system during the 18th century. Today, Smith is known as the inventor of the market economy because of this particular work. Although, the article has a built-in bias, having both fact and opinion. The Wealth of Nations is considered to be the bible of capitalism. Adam Smith had retired from a professorship at Glasgow University and was living in France in 1764-1765 when he began his great work, The Wealth of Nations. Smith points to the impossibility of monopolizing the benefits of colonies, and pessimistically calculates the cost of empire, but the book appeared too late to have any effect upon British policy. Because of the importance of the Declaration of Independence and The Wealth of Nations, the political and economic relations of empire and mercantilism appeared in the same year. Historians have often designated 1776 as one of the turning points in modern history (www.rug.nl). Smith mainly focused on three main ideas in reference to universal prosperity. The first main idea was enlightened self-interest. By giving everyone freedom to produce and exchange goods as they desire and opening all markets to competition, people s natural self-interest would bring about universal opulence with very little effort from aShow MoreRelatedAn Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of Nations1169 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement ideals is Zappos. The Industrial Revolution began around 1760. Shortly after in 1776 Adam Smith published his book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This book affects the Industrial Revolution, as well today’s modern economics. Adam smith is known as, â€Å"the father of economics.† (Economist Newspaper) In the book, The Wealth of Nations, Smith hits on three major points. The first two are the division of labor and productivity. For this he gives an example of aRead MoreThe Biography Of Adam Smith1505 Words   |  7 Pagesdedicated ten years (1766-1776) to his magnum opus (Stewart, 1861). In 1775, he was elected as an affiliate of the literary club and as an associate of the Royal Society of London. His influential and powerful book dubbed An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations of 1776 made him famous and promoted his ideas to other professional thinkers and scholars. In 1778, he became the commissioner of customs in Scotland; he moved to live with his mother. He was appointed to the position ofRead MoreThe Implications to the Pursuit of Prosperity1770 Words   |  7 Pagespursue wealth free from oppressing tyrants dictating. Societies were surging with their freedom, herein, giving rise to industrial innovations and opening vast economic potential. However, by the same token, no one could quantify what factors fulfilled economic potential and public policy positioned itself aimlessly as governments were simply naà ¯ve with regards to economic science. Markedly, it wasn’t until Adam Smith, a Scotsman, published An Inquiry into the Natu re and Causes of the Wealth of NationsRead MoreAn Inquiry Into Adam Smiths: the Rise and Fall of the Wealth of Nations1142 Words   |  5 PagesAn inquiry into Adam Smiths: The rise and fall of the Wealth of Nations What was the most important document published in 1776? The Declaration of Independence is the easy answer for Americans, but many would argue that Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations had a more important global impact. In this article, we will look at Smiths masterpiece and its contributions to modern economics. (For background reading, see Adam Smith: The Father Of Economics.) In Opposition to Mercantilism On MarchRead Moreâ€Å"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our1000 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.† This is a quote from the book Wealth of Nations, which Adam Smith wrote, addresses well about why and what reason people work for. The butcher, the brewer, or the baker does not cut, stir, or bake because they want to please the customer or to feed the poor, but to earn money and for their own happiness. Adam Smith, who fully understood the concepts ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Wealth Of Nations Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pageshis widely known book â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†. The book s original name is â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, however it is not recognized by the majority public as so. Smith originally wrote the novel to dis member the thought that mercantilism was a good idea. Only selling goods and gaining nothing from trade in return proved in many cases to not be effective.. Smith wrote of the â€Å"Invisible Hand† which claimed that people, by human nature, look out for their best interestRead MoreMGT 623 Week 1 Assignment Essay example785 Words   |  4 Pagesthose of Adam Smith, who held that the best economic system for society would be one that recognized individual self-interest. That concept seems to conflict with the classical theory of business ethics. In his renowned  Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations  (1776), however, Smith stated that society is best served when each person pursues his own best interests; an invisible hand will ensure that self-interested behavior serves the common social good. The competition thatRead MoreBusiness and Its Publics: Cycle 1 Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pageseducation and environmental protection. Supporters of market re gulation believe externalities should not be left to the free market; instead, they contend these behaviors should be regulated by the government or be shouldered by the corporations that cause them. Edward Freeman, a famous economist, champions efficient markets in his essay Managing for Stakeholders. According to Freeman, companies should integrate corporate social responsibility (CSR) into all of its assets; he believes every corporateRead MoreAdam Smith : The Father Of Modern Trade And The Free Market1258 Words   |  6 PagesAdam Smith is widely regarded as the father of modern trade and the free market. His avant-garde ideas are presented in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, a masterwork of political and economic analysis published in 1776. The general thesis of Smith’s argument is that it is in the best interest of countries to manufacture or maintain a â€Å"perfect liberty† in their economies, raising worthwhile questions of what this notion of liberty entails, and where it originates. ToRead MoreThe changing of Democracy Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesas well. The economic and cultural status of a time period affects how people perceive their government. Living in a capitalist nation does not necessarily mean that democracy is non-existent. However, it does not mean that democracy in the nation has been fully formed and developed. The capitalist economy is altering the beliefs of what it means to be a democratic nation. Democracy gives power to the people. However, cultural and economic aspects of different time periods have given different meanings

My Marriage Proposal Free Essays

As many American girls, I have grown up dreaming of my wedding day. I pictured myself in a stunning, white gown, standing next to someone who resembled the black Ken doll, the male Barbie. I would vision a crowd of friends and family that were there to see me enter into a never ending fairytale. We will write a custom essay sample on My Marriage Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now For some reason, I always left the most important part out. Which is, having the man that God created just for me ask me to marry him. I experienced a life defining moment on January 15, 2004. That was the day that Demetrius, also known as the most perfect man in the world, asked me to marry him. The weather that day was so nice, the sun was shining, and the air was fresh and crisp. We decided to take a walk in the park to admire the scenery. I did notice that Demetrius’s smile was a little wider than normal, and I assumed he was up to something. I had no idea of what he was about to do. When he asked if we could sit on the bench so he could give me a foot massage, I was positive that something was about to happen. I went along with him, anxious to see what he had in store. About twenty minutes passed before he casually asked â€Å"where do you see us in five years? † As I thought of the answer to that question, he stared right into my eyes. I answered, â€Å"Happy no matter where just happy. That’s when he gave me a soft kiss on the lips and dropped to one knee. I closed my eyes and thought wow, is this really happing. I was in shock. When I opened my eyes to look at Demetrius, he had pulled the ring out of his pocket and pushed it towards me. Alisha, will you marry me? † he asked. He anxiously waited for an answer while I sat there speechless. He finally interrupted the chaos that was going through my mind by saying, â€Å"Well? † I stumbled across the words, â€Å"Of course. † That was such a great day. I knew, without a doubt, that this was the man that I am supposed to marry. This is the man that I will grow with, spiritually, emotionally, and physically. I praise God for sending such a wonderful person into my life. How to cite My Marriage Proposal, Essay examples

National Employment Standards Compassionate Business

Question: Describe about the National Employment Standards for Compassionate Business. Answer: 1. The National Employment Standards (NES) prescribes a list of ten legislated minimum employment standards which is applicable to every employee, be it full time, part time, skilled; as the case may be. Section 61 of the Australian Fair Work Act, 2009 (Rules, 2010)specifies the standards which cannot be displaced when it comes to employment. These minimum standards relate to the following matters: (i) Maximum Weekly hours (38 hours a week) (ii) request for flexible working hours applicable in case of working mothers, care takers, or people with disabilities, who can request for flexibility to work from home, or for job sharing etc. (iii) Maternity and paternity leave- where the employees are entitled to 12 months of unpaid leave, besides making request for an additional 12 months of leave (iv) Annual leave-where full-time and part-time employees are entitled for 4 weeks of annual leave, and shift workers up to 5 weeks of annual leave. (v) Personal carers leave and compassionate leave- where employees are entitled to take leave to tend to their immediate family members. (vi) Community service leaves (vii) Long service leave (viii) Public holidays (ix) Notice of termination and redundancy pay provisions as regards dismissal and final pay. (x) Fair Work Information Statement- provides new employee the conditions and information of his employment. (Australian Government fair work Ombudsman, 2012) As a Head of Human Resources in the Engineering Company, I would ensure that all rules as stipulated under the National Employment Standards are complied with during the course of employment. I would pay special care and due attention while drafting of the Fair Work Information sheet, detailing every condition and area of work. It is vital to provide a comprehensive safety rules in the workplace, stating the exclusion zone procedures, due care and precaution to be taken relating to handling of machinery, and working material. It is also my duty to ensure that the employer makes provisions to provide regular training to employees to ensure compliance of these safety rules. I would give instructions to my team members that the workers are hired and dismissed after following the necessary provisions under the Fair Work Act, 2009. In order to resolve the issue at the workplace, I would talk about it to the management, suggesting ways in which it could be resolved. If such a scenario aris es where I would require further assistance, I would take further assistance from the Fair work Ombudsman. 2. In this case, Dave persuaded an otherwise reluctant Rebecca to purchase the Ono Water filter from him, thereby causing to mislead and deceive her by engaging in an unconscionable conduct. By taking advantage of Rebeccas old age and vulnerability, Dave caused undue influence and pressure on Rebecca, who was old and fragile, thereby and exerting unfair tactics(Turner, 2011) in selling his machine. While such acts involving unconscionable conduct violates the provisions of Section 20 of the act, it is against the principles of equity to take advantage of anothers disability; infirmity, in the present case. Section 21(1) of the Consumer Law prohibits supplying goods or services through unconscionable conduct as illegal. The Federal court, while deciding the matter in the case of ACC v Lux Pty Ltd,(ACC v Lux pty Ltd, 2011) held that the salesman and his company had indulged in the act of unconscionable conduct by selling the machine to an illiterate and a disabled woman. It held that s uch contracts were invalid where the customers are not in a position to take voluntary and informed decisions, and those which have been done through sheer misrepresentation of facts and by taking undue advantage of the persons disability. Under the given circumstances of the case, Dave by taking advantage of Rebeccas vulnerable condition used unreasonable tactics to convince her to buy the machine, and hence she is entitled to equitable remedy under the provisions of the Australian Consumer Law. In determining whether the act was unconscionable or not, the courts have laid down several yardsticks to prove the act. It is important to consider whether the consumer was in a bargaining position or not, or whether the supplier use undue influence, unfairness and pressure in selling service or product to the consumer. Applying these parameters to the present case, Rebecca was subject to undue influence that led her to purchase the machine from Dave, thereby leading to an unconscionable act. The remedy available to Rebecca is by way of civil damages through an injunction, or claiming damages for the loss and mental agony. Alternatively, she can also approach the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission to seek equitable remedy (Vickery, 2012)against Dave, wherefore the ACCC can conduct appropriate investigation and enforce Section 236 of the ACL. She is entitled to compensation suffered,(Katy Barnett, 2014) under ss 237 and 238 where the court can order compensation for the loss that the plaintiff is likely to suffer in such cases of coercion and undue influence. References ACC v Lux pty Ltd, 600 (Federal Court of Australia 2011). Australian Government fair work Ombudsman. (2012). National Employment Standards. Retrieved 09 30, 2016, from Fair work Ombudsman: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/national-employment-standards Katy Barnett, S. H. (2014). Remedies in Australian Private Law. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Rules, A. F. (2010). National Employment Standards. Sydney: CCH Australia Limited. Turner, C. (2011). Consumer Protection (28th ed.). Queensland: Law Bok Company. Vickery, R. (2012). Consumer Protection and Competition Law. In Australian Business Law (7th Edition ed.). Book Papers.